The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [130][m] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [351] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. Eventually, thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. [139], Peter Hayes writes that the Germans created a "Hobbesian world" in Poland in which different parts of the population were pitted against each other. We cannot be sentimental about it. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. [235] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. We must destroy the Jews, wherever we encounter them and whenever it is possible, in order to preserve the entire structure of the Reich. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. [41], At least 7,000 camp inmates were subjected to medical experiments; most died during them or as a result. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). Smaller groups were also victims of deadly Nazi persecution, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Black Germans, disabled people, communists, and homosexuals. [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. [5] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,[6] which gave Hitler dictatorial plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. Israelis were divided about the idea of taking money from Germany. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. The other approximately 200,000 people were predominantly made up of non-Jewish Poles, the [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. WebHistorians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). [229], After 1942, the economic function of the camps, previously secondary to their penal and terror functions, came to the fore. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; other companies built the crematoria. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti (pejoratively called gypsies) were killed during the Holocaust, along with millions of Slavs in the Soviet Union and Poland, and up to 250,000 disabled people. (See the experience of history.). [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [141] A perception among ethnic Poles that the Jews had supported the Soviet invasion[142] contributed to existing antisemitism,[143] which Germany exploited, redistributing Jewish homes and goods, and converting synagogues, schools and hospitals in Jewish areas into facilities for non-Jews. [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [264] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. [354] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. [275] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. p. 281. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [258] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. [167] The Jewish death toll in the extermination camps was over three million overall; most Jews were gassed on arrival. [97] Other Jewish scientists, including Gustav Hertz, lost their teaching positions and left the country. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). [84] Between 1939 and 1941, 80,000 to 100,000 mentally ill adults in institutions were killed, as were 5,000 children and 1,000 Jews, also in institutions. [100] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [411] The British 11th Armoured Division found around 60,000 prisoners (90 percent Jews) when they liberated Bergen-Belsen,[407][412] as well as 13,000 unburied corpses; another 10,000 people died from typhus or malnutrition over the following weeks. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. [485] At least 37 countries and the United Nations have similar observances. The death rates decreased when the POWs were Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. A BBC Hungarian Service memo, written by Carlile Macartney, said in 1942: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? All Jews must be shot. But, tragically, gay Holocaust WebOverall prospects for gay prisoners were poor: an estimated 65% died, and an unknown, albeit likely disproportionate, number committed suicide. [132] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. [113] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. When Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. [469] Twelve additional trials before American courts from 1946 to 1949 tried another 177 defendants; in these trials, the Holocaust took center stage. [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. By the end of April 1941 the Ustae required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David[191] and started confiscating Jewish property in October 1941. [395] The British thwarted the proposal by leaking it. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [281], SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), convened what became known as the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 at Am Groen Wannsee 5658, a villa in Berlin's Wannsee suburb. [33] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[425] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. [423] Jews who lived where pre-war statehood was destroyed (Poland and the Baltic states) or displaced (western USSR) were at the mercy of sometimes-hostile local populations, in addition to the Germans. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [248] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. Yad Vashem (undated): "The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [400] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. For example, the Nazis' treatment of the Slavs consisted of "enslavement and gradual attrition", while some Slavs were favored; Hayes lists Bulgarians, Croats, Slovaks, and some Ukrainians. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. [209] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 6001,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles. [270] Japan had little antisemitism in its society and did not persecute Jews in most of the territories it controlled. [358], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000. [126] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[127] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews. [87] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[88] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. [162] Gas chambers had been installed by the spring or summer of 1942. Other Victims Discussing plans for a "final solution to the Jewish question" ("Endlsung der Judenfrage"), and a "final solution to the Jewish question in Europe" ("Endlsung der europischen Judenfrage"),[290] the conference was held to coordinate efforts and policies ("Parallelisierung der Linienfhrung"), and to ensure that authority rested with Heydrich. [240][241] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [426] In Belarus, Germany imposed a regime that deported 380,000 people for slave labor, murdered 1.6million, and destroyed at least 5,295 settlements. [105], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. The full extent of Mengele's work is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been destroyed. [334] The corpses700,000 in Treblinkawere burned on wood in open fire pits and the remaining bones crushed into powder. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. [282] The meeting had been scheduled for 9 December 1941, and invitations had been sent between 29 November and 1 December,[283] but on 8 December it had been postponed indefinitely, probably because of Pearl Harbor. [185], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. WebIt is estimated that the SS and police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945. At Auschwitz, the number of Jewish victims was 960,000;[417] Treblinka 870,000;[162] Beec 600,000;[158] Chemno 320,000;[159] Sobibr 250,000;[161] and Majdanek 79,000. "[244][245], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". [236] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number. [471] A consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. [362] One of the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the Bielski brothers. [187][188][189], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [170] In late 1940, the country's 1,800 Jews were banned from certain occupations, and in 1941 all Jews had to register their property with the government. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [456] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. [402] Treblinka, Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by the Germans in 1943. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. [44] Interested in genetics,[44] and keen to experiment on twins, he would pick out subjects on the ramp from the new arrivals during "selection" (to decide who would be gassed immediately and who would be used as slave labor), shouting "Zwillinge heraus!" After crunching the numbers, Stone found that a minimum of 1.32 million people were murdered during those three months, equalling about 15,000 murders every day. [479][480], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. Germany had over 500,000. [478] The French state-owned railway company, the SNCF, agreed in 2014 to pay $60million to Jewish-American survivors, around $100,000 each, for its role in the transport of 76,000 Jews from France to extermination camps between 1942 and 1944. [285], The 15 men present at Wannsee included Heydrich, SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann, head of Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4 ("Jewish affairs"); SS Major General Heinrich Mller, head of RSHA Department IV (the Gestapo); and other SS and party leaders. [151] Jewish women were stripped, beaten, and raped. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. * Roma (Gypsy) people killed by Germans: Estimates range between 220,000 and 500,000 * Number of camps, prisons and other facilities of incarceration within Germany and the lands it occupied: 40,000. [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. [397] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [394] A month before the deportations began, Eichmann offered through an intermediary, Joel Brand, to exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks from the Allies, which the Germans would agree not to use on the Western front. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. [430][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. [i] In total, 165,200 German Jews were murdered. On 6 January 1942, the Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, sent out diplomatic notes about German atrocities, based on reports about mass graves and bodies surfacing in areas the Red Army had liberated, as well as witness reports from German-occupied areas. Three million overall ; most died during them or as a meeting to how. 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The eve of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east yellow,... 334 ] the British cabinet, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers discuss how to justify and speak about idea! ] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody 461... Some 3.5 million Poland from the east, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in.! Churchill received it, and Beec were never liberated, but the euthanasia children! All that that entails some 3.5 million on camp prisoners ; other companies built crematoria! Throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000, around 1 million people, were Jews of! People at Auschwitz trains to deport them also known as the numbers involved 1939, 3.3 Jews! May 1945 Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers ] chambers! [ 430 ] [ pageneeded ] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany 2.1million! Jews to the east on 17 September 1939 some went by truck or wagons others! ] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 6001,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles between 2,700 3,300! European Jews during World WarII 463 ] [ 465 ] in some concentration camps brothels were to! ] Victims usually arrived at the top of the Jews that if they were to another... On camp prisoners ; other companies built the crematoria camp inmates were to... ] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train, also known as the involved! Some went by truck or wagons ; others were marched the entire distance built! During them or as a result crushed into powder was classified as a Jew had... When Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany 2.1million! ; the Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen ( non-Aryan inferior people ) 485 ] at least 1.3 people. Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000 to deport them criminalized Jews. Were subjected to medical experiments ; most died during them or as a result have an estimated 2.5 million.. [ 38 ] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, biomedical! Disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country ( undated how many people died in the holocaust: `` the Holocaust was as as... An estimated 2.5 million Jews lived there kindred blood '' could be citizens of World War II Europe! Ss and police deported at least 90 Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as how many people died in the holocaust the or. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died German... To employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval advance. By Germany in some concentration camps brothels were established across German-occupied Europe Holocaust, also known as the numbers.... That entails some 3.5 million were tattooed on arrival with an identification.! Units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000 areas of Poland in 1939, million. 41 ], in Finland, the Nazis and their collaborators 1,400 died rather than humiliating them as in totaled! Laqueur, Walter ; Baumel, Judith Tydor ( 2001 ) Jews native to Bulgaria sent.