He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. Germany This policy continued for more than twenty years. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other The ships did not set sail again until July. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. He reached the continent in November. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. Monarchies used to rule the world. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. Question 9. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. A: Greek . English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Her The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Some contended that conversion was the best policy. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . More than 80,000 people were deported. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. During the Edwardian War the English took control of large areas of southwestern France and the northern coastal city of Calais. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." (February 22, 2023). Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? Game Guide. Jane died of complications following childbirth, but Henry waited until 1540 to marry again. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. locations. He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. militia to put down noblemen's efforts to revolt. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). ceremony. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. . His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The English Parliament convened to try to come to Frederick's rescue in 1621 but without success because James dissolved the meeting. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. In southeast France, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself invented... Of their own a brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand.! 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